This corresponded to 12.2% of global deaths, with half of these deaths happening in the AsiaPacific region [2]. Servier supports the Tseu Fellows in low- and middle-income countries. Khan MAB, Hashim MJ, King JK, Govender RD, Mustafa H, Al Kaabi J. Toxics. Yang A, Lau ESH, Wu H, et al. Authors 2013;83(3):51723. PMC Diabetes Care. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc12-2412. 2021;99(1):25666. Findings of the current 10th edition confirm that diabetes is one of the fastest growing global health emergencies of the 21st century. Accessibility A pre-specified statistical analysis plan for the VERIFY study: Vildagliptin efficacy in combination with metformin for early treatment of T2DM. Positive legacy effect of intensive glycaemic control [32]. 2017 Jul 14;17(1):226. doi: 10.1186/s12884-017-1415-4. The total number of people with diabetes is predicted to increase by, The number of adults with diabetes is expected to reach, The number of adults with diabetes expected to reach, with diabetes live in low- and middle-income countries. Given the diversity of clinical contexts, patient phenotypes, and treatment options, there is a need to raise lay and professional awareness regarding the importance of early glycaemic control. The Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Diabetes Work Group also recommend that SGLT2 inhibitors in combination with metformin should be considered as first-line therapy in patients with T2D and CKD, with additional drug therapy for glycaemic control as needed [56]. Sakurai M, Saitoh S, Miura K, et al. Citation usage; . 2000;321(7258):40512. Siew Pheng Chan reported receiving grants and/or honoraria for consultancy or giving lectures from Abbott, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Merck Serono, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, Servier and Zuellig Pharma. IDF Diabetes Atlas: Estimation of Global and Regional Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Prevalence for 2021 by International Association of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group's Criteria. Part of Springer Nature. Araki E, Goto A, Kondo T, et al. Reprinted from Mol Metab, 46:101102, Nauck MA, Quast DR, Wefers J, Meier JJ; GLP-1 receptor agonists in the treatment of type2 diabetesstate-of-the-art, pg. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2020;11(1):1535. Article 2020;17(10):e1003367. Before Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. . Lachin JM, Bebu I, Nathan DM, DCCT/EDIC Research Group. Careers. However, hypoglycaemia and therapeutic inertia are major barriers in achieving optimal glycaemic control [18]. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. In 2021, it is estimated that 537 million people have diabetes, and this number is projected to reach 643 million by 2030, and 783 million by 2045. 13. 2020;10(1):10711. gliclazide) have been used to achieve glycaemic goals with proven benefits in reducing microvascular and macrovascular outcomes and related death. Bookshelf Establishing diabetes registers can identify care gaps, prioritise interventions, benchmark performance, and promote collaborative research [57, 58]. This is associated with high risk of premature mortality related to diabetes and its complications [2]. 2022;102(5):9909. Before FOIA From Hong Kong Diabetes register to JADE program to RAMP-DM for data-driven actions. Diabetes Care. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies While the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy was negligible for HbA1c<6.0%, a glycaemic threshold was observed over the range of 6.36.7%, with prevalence increasing above these levels. The IDF Diabetes Atlas also introduces readers to the pathophysiology of diabetes, its classification and its diagnostic criteria. Colagiuri S, Lee CM, Wong TY, et al. Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projections for 2030 and 2045: Results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, 9. up to 19 years old) living with diabetes increases annually. Epidemiology of type2 diabetesglobal burden of disease and forecasted trends. Ramezani Tehrani F, Rahmati M, Farzadfar F, Abedini M, Farahmand M, Hosseinpanah F, Hadaegh F, Torkestani F, Valizadeh M, Azizi F, Behboudi-Gandevani S. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020;11(3):165223. The Diabetes and Aging study examined the legacy effect of early glycaemic control on complications and 10-year survival in patients with newly diagnosed T2D in a managed care setting in the USA, which included 6351 Asians (18.3% of the study population) [36]. 2022 Jan;183:109119. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109119. IDF Diabetes Atlas 10th Edition 2021. . In 2021, Approximately 537 million adults (20-79 years) are living with diabetes. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc14-0920. Prolonged exposure to HbA1c levels8.0% was associated with substantial increase in risk of microvascular events and mortality. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD), A Target HbA1c Between 7 and 7.7% Reduces Microvascular and Macrovascular Events in T2D Regardless of Duration of Diabetes: a Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-022-00776-2, https://doi.org/10.2991/jegh.k.191028.001, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-019-05078-3, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-018-0728-6, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-021-01366-8, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-021-01386-4, https://idf.org/e-library/guidelines/128-idf-clinical-practice-recommendations-for-managing-type-2-diabetes-in-primary-care.html, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13340-020-00439-5, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13300-019-00733-9, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0123116, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2008.02581.x, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-011-2404-1, https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.21.8.1271, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101102, https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30327-3, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2020.08.012, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32131-2, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2013.07.012, https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2020.4511, https://doi.org/10.1080/14740338.2021.1898585, https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(19)30068-3, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101751, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2022.06.013, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003367, https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241565257, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32374-6, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/. 2017;34(1):648. 2015;10(4):e0123116. N Engl J Med. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). All named authors meet the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) criteria for authorship for this manuscript, take responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole, and have given final approval for the version to be published. Research studies suggest that diabetes is a risk factor for severe COVID-19-related disease, resulting in a greater . We have been publishing global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for just over 20 years. Among the three World Bank country income groups, high income countries had the highest standardized prevalence of GDM. https://doi.org/10.2337/dci19-0003. In a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of the JADE Register, researchers closed the data gap regarding the pattern of SU usage and related patient profiles in Asia (Fig. Brussels,Belgium: International Diabetes Federation, 2021. International Diabetes Federation.IDF Diabetes Atlas, 10th edn. 2018 Apr;138:271-281. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2018.02.023. Lim LL, Lau ESH, Cheung JTK, et al. The IDF Diabetes Atlas 10th edition has been produced thanks to educational grants from Novo Nordisk, Pfizer-MSD Alliance and Sanofi. FOIA All patients with diabetes should receive a structured education program on lifestyle modification, notably diet and exercise, and self-management. - 182.160.154.13. Follow-up of glycemic control and cardiovascular outcomes in type2 diabetes. JAMA Cardiol. 2019 Nov;157:107843. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2019.107843. Diabetes Care. During that period, it cost around 966 billion US dollars for control and treatment expenses, an amount that has increased by around 316% in the last 15 years (IDF Diabetes Atlas 2021 10th Edition and other resources). Am Heart J. 2020;43(7):154652. In this edition, we have also included data from national diabetes registries. We generated a comparable estimate of the global and regional prevalence of GDM by International Association of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group (IADPSG)'s criteria. The IDF Diabetes Atlas 10th edition has been produced thanks to educational grants from Novo Nordisk, Pfizer-MSD Alliance and Sanofi. This article does not contain any new studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors. Managing Cardiovascular Risk in Type 2 Diabetes: What Do the Cardiovascular Outcome Trials Mean for Australian Practice? Used with permission of American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, from Management of Hyperglycemia in Type2 Diabetes, 2022. In this 10th edition of the IDF Diabetes Atlas, the prevalence of diabetes is estimated for the year 2021 and projected to the years 2030 and 2045. Third-party writing support was provided by Matt Joynson of Springer Healthcare and financially supported by Servier. Intensive glucose control improves kidney outcomes in patients with type2 diabetes. 2020 Jul;302(1):47-52. doi: 10.1007/s00404-020-05564-9. Epub 2021 Dec 6. World Health Organization. Jia W, Weng J, Zhu D, et al. Nauck MA, Quast DR, Wefers J, Meier JJ. eCollection 2022. Presenting new epidemiological and diabetes-related impact data. Approximately 60% of patients were treated with SUs (n=32,558). In contrast, delaying this reduction in HbA1c until 10years after diagnosis showed seven times lower risk reduction of 2.7% (95%CI 3.1, 2.3). https://doi.org/10.2337/dc15-2237. Hyperglycaemia in diabetes causes microvascular and macrovascular complications, along with an increased risk of premature mortality. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Download the IDF Diabetes Atlas 10th Edition and other resources. It represents the interests of the growing number of people with diabetes and those at risk. There are close relationships between glycaemic control and vascular complications in patients with T2D, including those of Asian descent [4, 20,21,22,23,24,25]. Glycaemic durability of an early combination therapy with vildagliptin and metformin versus sequential metformin monotherapy in newly diagnosed type2 diabetes (VERIFY): a 5-year, multicentre, randomised, double-blind trial. 6. HbA1c and the risks for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the general Japanese population: NIPPON DATA90. In addition, 541 million people are estimated to have impaired glucose tolerance in 2021. The incidence of myocardial infarction in white, South Asian, and Afro-Caribbean patients with type2 diabetes (U.K. This highlights the urgent need to improve the ability to diagnose people with diabetes, many of whom are unaware they have diabetes, and provide appropriate and timely care for all people with diabetes as early as possible. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. It represents the interests of the growing number of people with diabetes and those at risk. Lancet. The pooled global standardized prevalence of GDM was 14.0% (95% confidence interval: 13.97-14.04%). In this 5-year study, the intervention group achieved a more durable attainment of HbA1c<7.0% with lower risk of glycaemic deterioration (HbA1c7.0% at two consecutive scheduled visits, 3months apart) and treatment escalation including insulin than patients treated with initial metformin monotherapy (HR 0.51; 95%CI 0.45, 0.58; p<0.0001). This finding supported the use of an HbA1c value of 6.5% as a diagnostic criterion for diabetes and emphasized the differential relationships between threshold HbA1c values and complications [28]. In the Researching Cardiovascular Events With a Weekly Incretin in Diabetes (REWIND) Study, treatment with dulaglutide, another GLP-1 receptor agonist, reduced MACE by 36.1% compared with placebo, with reduced HbA1c being a partial mediator for these benefits [10]. IDF Diabetes Atlas 10th Edition 2021. . In obese people with T2D diagnosed for less than 6years, weight loss of at least 15kg might lead to remission of diabetes for 2years [50]. Glycated haemoglobin and cardiovascular outcomes in people with type2 diabetes: a large prospective cohort study. et al. info@idf.org, Obesity and type 2 diabetes: a joint approach to halt the rise, The case for investing in circulatory health. In 2021, it is estimated that 537 million people have diabetes, and this number is projected to reach 643 million by 2030, and 783 million by 2045. 2018;17(1):83. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-018-0728-6. *Adjusted for sociodemographic factors, cardiometabolic risk factors, medication use, country/region, and year of registration. 2021;396(10267):201982. Arlington: American Diabetes Association; 2020. IDF Diabetes Atlas Committee presents 10th edition under the title " IDF Diabetes Atlas-10th Edition ". Management of hyperglycemia in type2 diabetes, 2022. PubMed Every person with diabetes has a unique risk profile, highlighting the need for individualization of glucose-lowering regimens and treatment targets, as recommended by most practice guidelines, including those from Asia where treatment affordability is an important consideration. IDF Diabetes Atlas 2021 IDF Guide for Epidemiology Studies Atlas presentation IDF Diabetes Atlas 2022 Reports Factsheets Previous editions 9th edition 8th edition 7th edition 6th edition 5th edition 4th edition 3rd edition 2nd edition 1st edition Scientific papers and posters Citation usage Copyright requests Selected studies Citation usage The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) is an umbrella organization of over 230 national diabetes associations in 170 countries and territories. CAS Diabetes Care. A Consensus Report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD), Davies MJ, et al., Diabetes Care, 45(11) 2022; permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. UKPDS 88: Historical HbA1c might explain legacy effect [37]. Most international and regional practice guidelines recommend glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c)<7.0% as a therapeutic goal in T2D [13,14,15,16,17]. Epub 2021 Dec 6. Accessibility This IDF Diabetes Atlas 10th edition also shows that hyperglycaemia in pregnancy (HIP) affects approximately one in six pregnancies. Based on the ontology-based nave Bayes classification, the document query module searches and returns the anticipated documents requested by users. Causal Associations of PM2.5 and GDM: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study. Posthoc analyses of the ADVANCE study suggested a non-linear relationship between mean HbA1c and risks of microvascular and macrovascular events and death with different threshold values [25]. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). In 2021, the estimated numbers of people with diabetes living in urban and rural areas were 360.0 million and 176.6 million, with prevalence estimated at 12.1% and 8.3%, respectively. Epub 2020 May 9. In this article, we review the glucocentric and cardiorenal risk reduction approaches to the management of T2D supplemented by real-world evidence from the Asia Pacific region. In the post-trial monitoring period of the UKPDS, there was an early loss of glycaemic difference between the comparator regimens 1year after trial discontinuation [32]. Lind M, Imberg H, Coleman RL, Nerman O, Holman RR. The IDF practice guidelines recommended using the A-B-C-D approach for choosing second-line treatment after metformin, where A stands for age (young patients might benefit from lower HbA1c goals); B for bodyweight (overweight/obese patients might benefit from treatments with weight-neutral or weight-loss effects); C for complications (patients with CKD or CVD might benefit from treatments with organ-protective effects); and D for duration (patients with long disease duration are likely to have complications and required treatment adjustment, including the use of insulin) [15]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003367. PLoS Med. HbA1c<6.5% was the reference group. Accessed 19 Jan 2023. 2023 Feb 16;14:1084288. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1084288. Durability of a primary care-led weight-management intervention for remission of type2 diabetes: 2-year results of the DiRECT open-label, cluster-randomised trial. The .gov means its official. 2023;19(3):15163. 2016. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241565257. While data from the VERIFY study suggested a risk reduction in time to first adjudicated macrovascular event with vildagliptinmetformin treatment (HR 0.71; 95%CI 0.42, 1.19; p=0.19), this trend was based on a small number of events with wide CIs [33, 35]. Adjusting the Use of Glucose-Lowering Agents in the Real-World Clinical Management of People with Type2 Diabetes: A Narrative Review, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13300-023-01386-5. Arch Gynecol Obstet. In the LEADER study, 10% of patients were of Asian ethnicity and 9% of the study population were enrolled in Asia [44]. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. The standardized estimates for the prevalence of GDM provide an insight for the global picture of GDM. 2012;55(3):63643. Matthews DR, Paldnius PM, Proot P, et al. Conclusions: Pragmatic implementation of international practice guidelines for management of type2 diabetes is required due to variations in epidemiology, patient phenotypes, cultures, socioeconomic status, health systems, and access to medications. Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. B-1160 Brussels, Belgium IDF diabetes atlas: diabetes and oral healtha two-way relationship of clinical importance. The Federation has been leading the global diabetes community since 1950. Diabetes Obes Metab. Expert Opin Drug Saf. If you have citation software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice . A total of 2542 patients were randomized to intensive treatment of blood glucose (target HbA1c<6.2%), blood pressure (target<120/75mmHg), and lipids (target low density lipoprotein [LDL] cholesterol<80mg/dL or<70mg/dL in the presence of CAD) or conventional treatment (target HbA1c<6.9%, blood pressure<130/80mmHg and LDL cholesterol<120mg/dL or<100mg/dL in the presence of CAD). The IDF Diabetes Atlas Tenth edition 2021 provides the latest figures, information and projections on diabetes worldwide. The IDF Diabetes Atlas 10th edition reports a continued global increase in diabetes prevalence, confirming diabetes as a significant global challenge to the health and well-being of individuals, families and societies. Executive summary of the KDIGO 2022 Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes Management in Chronic Kidney Disease: an update based on rapidly emerging new evidence. Prevalence of type 2 diabetes, prediabetes, and gestational diabetes mellitus in women of childbearing age in Middle East and North Africa, 2000-2017: protocol for two systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Association of SGLT2 inhibitors with cardiovascular and kidney outcomes in patients with type2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. In this study, 1.5% of the study population came from Asia [45]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-019-05078-3. The global diabetes prevalence in 20-79 year olds in 2021 was estimated to be 10.5% (536.6 million people), rising to 12.2% (783.2 million) in 2045. International Diabetes Federation.IDF Diabetes Atlas, 10th edn. According to the 2021 International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, approximately one in two adults (aged 20 to 79 years) with diabetes was unaware of their diabetes status (44.7%, 239.7 . Epub 2021 Dec 6. PubMed https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.119.012356. Epub 2018 Feb 26. Diabetes Ther. The increasing prevalence of T2D mirrors the socioeconomic development, especially in low- and middle-income countries, with no sign of slowing down [2, 3]. 4). 10th edition. Diabetes Care. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. and transmitted securely. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2023;55: 101751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101751. Diabetes Care. Given the large population affected by T2D, older GLDs, which are affordable even in resource-limited settings and endorsed by the World Health Organization (WHO) [60], are important components of the armamentarium for the management of T2D. Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study. IDF Diabetes Atlas: Estimation of Global and Regional Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Prevalence for 2021 by International Association of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group's Criteria Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2023 Mar 4. doi: 10.1007/s00404-023-06979-w. Online ahead of print. Article In the 10-year post-trial period of VADT, patients with T2D assigned to intensive glycaemic control for 5.6years had a 17% lower risk of MACE than those assigned to standard therapy, although there was no significant effect on mortality [40]. Al-Rifai RH, Abdo NM, Paulo MS, Saha S, Ahmed LA. Would you like email updates of new search results? You can find more details about our privacy policy here: https://www.idf.org/privacy-policy. 2013;36(11):375965. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.14865. Chan JCN, Paldnius PM, Mathieu C, Stumvoll M, Matthews DR, Del Prato S. Early combination therapy delayed treatment escalation in newly diagnosed young-onset type2 diabetes: a subanalysis of the VERIFY study. Attenuated risk association of end-stage kidney disease with metformin in type2 diabetes with eGFR categories 14. Diabetes Care. We searched PubMed and other databases and retrieved 57 studies to estimate the prevalence of GDM. 2021;6(2):14858. Glimepiride was most commonly used in India, Indonesia, and Taiwan. Effect of an intensified multifactorial intervention on cardiovascular outcomes and mortality in type2 diabetes (J-DOIT3): an open-label, randomised controlled trial. Of these, 54,783 were treated with OGLDs and 7729 with lifestyle modification only. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc19-2251. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Although Asians were generally under-represented in these CVOTs [11], in a meta-analysis, Asian patients treated with SGLT2 inhibitors or GLP-1 receptor agonists were found to have lower hazard ratios (HR) of major events than their Caucasian counterparts [12]. The beneficial effects of earlier versus later implementation of intensive therapy in type 1 diabetes. ADVANCE Collaborative Group, Patel A, MacMahon S, et al. 2008;358(24):254559. Data from the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) and post-trial Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) study also confirmed the legacy effects of early versus late glycaemic control in patients with type1 diabetes (T1D) [38]. Management of type2 diabetes in developing countries: balancing optimal glycaemic control and outcomes with affordability and accessibility to treatment. The standardized prevalence of GDM in low-, middle- and high-income countries were 12.7% (11.0-14.6%), 9.2% (9.0-9.3%) and 14.2% (14.1-14.2%), respectively. 2019;35(6):e3158. After exclusion of patients with T1D, patients with T2D treated with insulin or injectable GLP-1 receptor agonists, and patients without information on medications, 62,512 patients with T2D enrolled between 2007 and 2019 were analysed. Diabetes Care. 2021;23(1):24551. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). December 31, 2021. Distinct and shared genetic architectures of Gestational diabetes mellitus and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Methods: McGuire DK, Shih WJ, Cosentino F, et al. By clicking below to subscribe, you acknowledge that your information will be transferred to Mailchimp for processing. Diabetes around the world in 2021: 537 million adults (20-79 years) are living with diabetes - 1 in 10. Diabetol Int. Both glucocentric and cardiorenal risk reduction approaches are needed to alter the trajectory of T2D, improve outcomes, and preserve quality of life. In a sub-analysis of the VERIFY study, the benefit of early combination therapy was observed in both patients with early or late onset of diabetes [34]. Elley CR, Kenealy T, Robinson E, Drury PL. The regional standardized prevalence of GDM were 7.1% (7.0-7.2%) in North America and Caribbean (NAC), 7.8% (7.2-8.4%) in Europe (EUR), 10.4% (10.1-10.7%) in South America and Central America (SACA), 14.2% (14.0-14.4%) in Africa (AFR), 14.7% (14.7-14.8%) in Western Pacific (WP), 20.8% (20.2-21.4%) in South-East Asia (SEA) and 27.6% (26.9-28.4%) in Middle East and North Africa (MENA). IDF Diabetes Atlas: Worldwide Estimates of Incidence, Prevalence and Mortality of Type 1 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents: Results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, 9th edition. 906 Citations. The majority of the data sources used are population-based studies that have been published in peer-reviewed journals. 2016;39(5):73842. Presenting new epidemiological and diabetes-related impact data. The Federation has been leading the global diabetes community . J Epidemiol Glob Health. The AsiaPacific accounts for more than 50% of the global population with diabetes, with more than 260 million people managing T2D on a daily basis [2]. For every 1% decrement in HbA1c, there was a 14% risk reduction in myocardial infarction (p<0.0001) and a 37% risk reduction in microvascular complications (p<0.0001). Correspondence to Yang A, Shi M, Lau ESH, et al. 2020;63(4):71121. Diabetes Obes Metab. Furthermore, information from national health surveys, including some of the World Health Organization (WHO) STEPwise approach to Surveillance (STEPS), are used where they meet inclusion criteria. Introduction. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.14192. The glycaemic legacy effects on clinical outcomes in T2D was predominantly due to historical HbA1c values, which had greater impact than recent values of HbA1c [37]. 2021;44(10):22317. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. These drugs are affordable and have proven to confer organ-protective effects, which contributed to the improved outcomes in these CVOTs [52]. Marso SP, Poulter NR, Nissen SE, et al. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-1331. 2022;45(11):275386. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Both glucocentric and cardiorenal-centric treatment strategies have complementary effects in reducing the trajectory of cardiorenal diseases. An early meta-analysis reported a sharp difference in the prevalence of GDM by different diagnostic criteria, with 1.5-15.5% by the ADA's criteria, 20.8% by the Australian Diabetes in Pregnancy Society's criteria, 13.6% by the Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group India's criteria, 1.6% by the European Association for the Study of Diabetes . For Australian Practice the pooled global standardized idf diabetes atlas 2021 citation of GDM, Kondo T, Robinson E, a. Pathophysiology of diabetes, its classification and its complications [ 2 ] here::... 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