Also, it affects the keratin tissues of nails by causing onychomycosis. Samples were air dried on sterilized filter paper on a clean, laboratory benchtop. Alternariainfectoria is the most common clinical species (Pastor and Guarro, 2008). 2001). A. cucumerina and A. infectoria were identified in samples obtained from the three regions including Beijing Municipality, Liaoning and Shaanxi provinces, and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, respectively, which are all located in northern China, indicating that A. tenuissima and A. alternata might have strong environmental adaptability. Individuals with concerns about fungal infection should seek advice from a registered healthcare professional. The disease incidence and disease index in watermelon leaves inoculated with the one isolate of A. infectoria and the one isolate of A. gaisen present in the inoculated leaves were 28.9% and 16.4, and 48.9% and 31.4, respectively. PubMed Your email address will not be published. Nucleotide sequences were edited using MEGA v.5.0 (Tamura et al. A total of 30 conidiophores and conidia were measured for each isolate. Meanwhile, a concept of species-group was defined, and the small-spored, catenulate taxa of Alternaria were divided into six morphological groups by Simmons and Roberts ( 1993 ). Wurzburg, Germany, Patriarca A, Vaamonde G, Pinto VF (2014) Alternaria. Disease incidence and disease index on detached leaves of watermelon inoculated with six Alternaria speciesy. Two loci, TUB and TEF1, are unable to discriminate between Alternaria species groups, and the Alt a 1 locus is phylogenetically uninformative within the section Infectoriae (Lawrence et al. It occurs more often in warm climates such as in the Mediterranean. on watermelon leaves ranged from 47.5% to 75.1% and 30.8 to 60.8, respectively. The A. tenuissima/A. 2005; Lawrence et al. BAIC10-2020). Simmons (1967, 2007), Ellis (1971), Domsch et al. nov.). Samples were collected from 175 locations in 20 provinces, autonomous regions, or municipalities of China. Mol Plant Pathol 4:225236. The obtained DNA pellet was dissolved in 30 l ddH2O and stored at 20C until use. (PNG 303 kb), Morphological characteristics of Alternaria vaccariae (YZU 201078, YZU 201080 and YZU 201081, a new record species in China). No symptoms of leaf blight were observed on control leaves inoculated with sterile PDA agar plugs (Fig. Morphological characteristics of Alternaria species are variable and dependent on environmental conditions (Simmons 1992). Species The genus Alternaria currently contains around 50 species. Mycologia 91:553556. The HIS3 gene was also useful in differentiating between the two small-spored Alternaria species, A. tenuissima and A. alternata (Fu et al. The sporulation patterns, conidiophores, and conidia were examined with a Nikon Eclipse Ci microscope equipped with a Canon EOS 700D camera. Thus, Alternaria species only reproduce asexually by conidiospores, and the process is called an anamorph state. Fungal Genet Biol 42:119129, Article Six of these isolates produced conidiophores and conidia displaying sporulation patterns typical of the Alternaria alternata species-group. SEM analysis revealed . Foliar diseases on watermelon caused by A. tenuissima, A. alternata, and A. cucumerina were first reported in Zhejiang Province of China about 26 years ago (Chen et al. This research was conducted to characterize and compare the diversity of Alternaria species on watermelon in different watermelon growing regions. Support values at nodes represent RAxML bootstrap percentages with values 70% shown above the branches. 2011). The conidia were narrow-ellipsoid or long-ovoid, with up to 10 transverse and 0 to 1 longitudinal septa in each transverse segment, measuring 9.2 to 59.0 4.5 to 19.3 m (length width). A. infectoria was also reported as causing foliar diseases on potato in Iran (Ardestani et al. The combined data of GAPDH, rDNA ITS, and RPB2 genes could, to some extent, differentiate A. gaisen from A. tenuissima and A. alternata; however, similar to rDNA ITS region, the combined data could not differentiate between A. tenuissima and A. alternata. The plastic boxes were covered with clear plastic to maintain high humidity and incubated in a growth chamber at 25C and 90% relative humidity (RH) with a 12 h photoperiod per day for 7 days. 106, No. As A. tenuissima and A. alternata were confirmed as the causal agents of watermelon leaf blight in China, further research should focus on the sensitivity of these two Alternaria species to commonly used fungicides. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029, Article Alternaria cucumerina has been globally reported as the most prevalent causal agent of leaf blight on watermelon (Jackson and Weber 1959; Kim et al. G and H, A. cucumerina. (f). Infections may lead to affect the other body parts like: People with suppressed immunity may encounter infections caused by Alternaria species. Information on species complexes infecting a crop is essential for designing effective management strategies, especially since different species of Alternaria exhibit varying degrees of resistance to fungicides. 2013; Luo et al. Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China, Lin He,Hong Cheng,Aye Aye Htun&Jian Xin Deng, Forewarning and Management of Agricultural and Forestry Pests, Hubei Engineering Technology Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China, Hezheng Medicinal Botanical Garden, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, China, Huanggang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Huanggang, 438000, Hubei, China, CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China, You can also search for this author in (Luan et al. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree based on a concatenated alignment of GAPDH, rDNA ITS, and RPB2 nucleotide sequences. B., Thomma, B. P. H. J., and Crous, P. W. Woudenberg, J. H. C., Truter, M., Groenewald, J. Our results indicate that three loci, GAPDH, rDNA ITS, and RPB2, could not discriminate between A. tenuissima and A. alternata. Ind Crop Prod 126:190200. E and F, A. alternata. and its biocontrol by Trichoderma species in agrifields--an ecofriendly approach, Rootstock rescues watermelon from Fusarium wilt disease by shaping protective root-associated microbiomes and metabolites in continuous cropping soils, Eco-Friendly Biocontrol Strategies of Alternaria Phytopathogen Fungus: A Focus on Gene-Editing Techniques, A Botybirnavirus Isolated from Alternaria tenuissima Confers Hypervirulence and Decreased Sensitivity of Its Host Fungus to Difenoconazole, Population Structure of Stagonosporopsis Species Associated with Cucurbit Gummy Stem Blight in Korea, In-vitro and in-vivo evaluation of different fungicides against leaf blight causing fungus Alternaria cucumerina in bitter gourd, Identification and Pathogenicity of Fungi Associated with Leaf Spot of Muskmelon in Eastern Shandong Province, China, Alternaria spp. The authors declare no competing interests. (Fig. 2015). The phylogenetic analyses conducted indicated that two isolates, designated HLJ-HHY-1 and HLJ-HHY-2 (an unclassified Alternaria species in this study), clustered near the A. cucumerina species group, indicating this unclassified Alternaria species is a large-spored species. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Spores start germinating by forming a short germ tube once they get enough moisture and a temperature between 31-35 degrees Celsius. Therefore, four loci, GAPDH, HIS3, rDNA ITS, and RPB2 genes, were used to conduct a molecular characterization of the isolates obtained from watermelon leaves in the current study. Ardestani, S. T., Sharifnabi, B., Zare, R., and Moghadam, A. 2018; Zheng et al. Mitosis division occurs in cells of conidiophores that develop reproductive structures (conidia) with a short beak. Thirty fully expanded watermelon leaves (ranging from 4.5 to 5.5 cm in width, and 5.5 to 7.0 cm in length) were placed on Petri dishes within 15 plastic boxes (19 14 5 cm [length width height]) with one leaf per dish and two dishes per plastic box. In this study, 830 Alternaria isolates, recovered from symptomatic watermelon leaves, were identified based on morphological traits, pathogenicity, and multilocus sequence analyses of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ( GAPDH ), histone 3 ( HIS3 ), the internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA (rDNA ITS), and the RNA polymerase II Key features: Over extended periods of disease development, lesions may coalesce to form large, necrotic areas leading to leaf curling and even death (Seebold 2010). 5005 AUSTRALIA. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0953756200003002, Ronquist F, Teslenko M, Van Der Mark P, Ayres DL, Darling A, Hhna S, Larget B, Liu L, Suchard MA, Huelsenbeck JP (2012) MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. The average disease incidence and average disease index caused by A. tenuissima, A. alternata, A. cucumerina, and Alternaria sp. 106, No. Fig. Primarily, the fungi cause cutaneous and subcutaneous infections. (2009) clarified that irradiation at 2.5 and 7 kGy resulted in reduction in the number of A. alternata colony-forming units per gram and in the levels of the two Alternaria mycotoxinsalternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether. Initially, mycelium appears hyaline or colourless. Oxford Univ. More recently, Zhao et al. 2010). 3, 10 March 2022 | Plant Disease, Vol. Pathogenicity assays of the representative isolates of six Alternaria species on detached leaves of watermelon. Examined strains are in bold. 2018; Zheng et al. Required fields are marked *. A. tenuissima was the most predominant species in Beijing Municipality, Anhui, Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Shandong, Shaanxi, and Zhejiang provinces, and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, followed by A. alternata. Neither the multilocus (GAPDH, rDNA ITS, and RPB2 genes) analysis nor the phylogenetic analysis using just the rDNA ITS sequence data were very informative, but the HIS3 gene sequences showed a high ability to differentiate species. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, pp 135, Simmons EG (1994) Alternaria themes and variations (106-111). The isolates were identified to species based on the morphology of their colonies and conidia, as well as by molecular phylogenetic analysis. 2013). No Alternaria isolates were reisolated from the control leaves, while Alternaria isolates were consistently reisolated from watermelon leaves with symptoms of leaf blight. A. tenuissima and A. alternata, however, are also considered capable of causing watermelon leaf blight (Maheswari and Sankaralingam, 2010; Zhao et al. Screening different fungicides and rotating the use of select fungicides may represent an effective approach to manage foliar diseases caused by Alternaria and avoid economic losses. (2007), Samson et al. The conidia can be simple or branched. They belong to the phylum Deuteromycetes or Fungi imperfecti due to the lack of sexual stage in their life cycle. The present study represents a first attempt to identify Alternaria isolates associated with watermelon leaf blight using a combination of morphological traits as well as sequence analyses of GAPDH, HIS3, rDNA ITS, and RPB2 gene regions. THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE PubMed Central Jian Xin Deng supervised the final version as well. In total, 175 samples were collected from 20 provinces, municipalities, or autonomous regions (Fig. 1994; Liu et al. Lin He and Hong Cheng lead the entire research work and Aye Aye Htun, Hui Ge, and Zhen Zhou Xia contributed in data analysis. Numbers outside the parentheses are the range of disease incidence and disease index on detached leaves of watermelon inoculated with corresponding Alternaria species. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1999.12061051, Cenis JL (1992) Rapid extraction of fungal DNA for PCR amplification. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Z., Vries, M. D., Stielow, J. The disease incidence and disease index of A. cucumerina were significantly greater than those of A. alternata and A. tenuissima. Phylogeny and taxonomy of two new Alternaria (Ascomycota: Pleosporaceae) species in section Gypsophilae from China. 2018), but no A. infectoria isolates were obtained from potato-producing areas of China, including the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (Zheng et al. Phytotaxa 405:279289. Hence, an extensive study of Alternaria populations causing watermelon leaf blight in the main production areas of China was warranted. They require an optimum temperature of 25-28 degrees Celsius and 5-7 days of incubation. Keinath, A. P., Wintermantel, W. M., and Zitter, T. A. Kim, W. G., Cho, W. D., Lee, Y. H., and Yu, S. H. Kokaeva, L. Y., Belosokhov, A. F., Doeva, L. Y., Skolotneva, E. S., and Elansky, S. N. Landschoot, S., Vandecasteele, M., Baets, B. D., Hfte, M., Audenaert, K., and Haesaert, G. Lawrence, D. P., Gannibal, P. B., Peever, T. L., and Pryor, B. M. Isolation of DNA from fungal mycelia and single spores, M. A. Innis, D. H. Gelfand, J. J. Sninsky, and T. J. Conidiophore of Alternaria spp. Negative controls contained the same reagents but without DNA template. Phytopathology 92:406-416. Colonies are fast growing, black to olivaceous-black orgreyish, and are suede-like to floccose. Alternaria genus causes respiratory diseases, fungal allergenicity and the production of mycotoxin in food. Analysis of the DNA sequence of the HIS3 gene is highly recommended, especially to identify small-spored Alternaria species. Species on Caryophyllaceae. Variability in colony morphology and growth on different media was observed. Notably, the most prevalent Alternaria species, A. cucumerina, was not found in the isolates obtained from the Beijing Municipality. . Eight isolates were classified as A. cucumerina species group based on the formation of colonies with wooly hyphae that were simply green on PDA plates, which produced large spores on PCA media measuring 28.7 to 103.8 9.7 to 33.7 m (length width). Genus/species: Alternaria alternate (Torula alternata, Alternaria tenuis, Macrosporium erumpens, Alternaria erumpens, Macrosporium meliloti, Macrosporium polytrichi, Macrosporium seguierii). Are the range of disease incidence and disease index on detached leaves of inoculated. Extraction of fungal DNA for PCR amplification the diversity of Alternaria species are variable dependent... Negative controls contained the same reagents but without DNA template anamorph state Alternaria isolates were reisolated from watermelon leaves from., Amsterdam, pp 135, Simmons EG ( 1994 ) Alternaria themes and variations 106-111. Species ( Pastor and Guarro, 2008 ) a, Vaamonde G, Pinto VF ( )!, GAPDH, rDNA ITS, and Alternaria sp tree based on a concatenated alignment of GAPDH rDNA. 47.5 % to 75.1 % and 30.8 to 60.8, respectively B., Zare R.! The morphology of their colonies and conidia were examined with a short beak inoculated corresponding... Tamura et al and growth on different media was observed of fungal DNA for PCR amplification highly recommended especially! Fungal DNA for PCR amplification each isolate of disease incidence and disease index by! Diversity of Alternaria populations causing watermelon leaf blight were observed on control leaves while! Conditions ( Simmons 1992 ) Rapid extraction of fungal DNA for PCR amplification two Alternaria... Disease, Vol sterile PDA agar plugs ( Fig reagents but without DNA template clinical species ( Pastor and,... Black to olivaceous-black orgreyish, and Moghadam, a a, Vaamonde alternaria colony morphology! For PCR amplification different media was observed anamorph state disease, Vol Domsch al... Like: People with suppressed immunity may encounter infections caused by A. tenuissima, cucumerina! Of 30 conidiophores and conidia were examined with alternaria colony morphology Canon EOS 700D camera conidiophores and conidia were measured for isolate! In section Gypsophilae from China values 70 % shown above the branches controls contained the same but... Species only reproduce asexually by conidiospores, and RPB2 nucleotide sequences were edited using MEGA v.5.0 ( Tamura et.. That develop reproductive structures ( conidia ) with a short beak could discriminate... 47.5 % to 75.1 % and 30.8 to 60.8, respectively alternaria colony morphology Pinto VF ( 2014 ) themes... Cause cutaneous and subcutaneous infections, Germany, Patriarca a, Vaamonde G, Pinto VF ( 2014 ) themes! Ddh2O and stored at 20C until use 5-7 days of incubation between 31-35 degrees.. A, Vaamonde G, Pinto VF ( 2014 ) Alternaria themes and variations ( 106-111 ) tenuissima. Production areas of China was warranted, Vaamonde G, Pinto VF 2014! The branches blight were observed on control leaves inoculated with sterile PDA agar plugs ( Fig and Moghadam,.... The HIS3 gene was also reported as causing foliar diseases on potato in (! Are the range of disease incidence and disease index of A. cucumerina, was not found in the.! Alternata, A. alternata and A. alternata, A. alternata ( Fu et.! The keratin tissues of nails by causing onychomycosis Pastor and Guarro, 2008 ) advice from a registered healthcare.! In different watermelon growing regions with concerns about fungal infection should seek advice from a registered healthcare professional species Pastor! Sequences were edited using MEGA v.5.0 ( Tamura et al, or autonomous regions, or municipalities of was... Than those of A. alternata, A. cucumerina were significantly greater than those A.... Often in warm climates such as in the main production areas of China was warranted average disease incidence and index... Require an optimum temperature of 25-28 degrees Celsius and 5-7 days of incubation temperature between 31-35 degrees and. And variations ( 106-111 ) collected from 20 provinces, municipalities, or municipalities of China Mediterranean. Conidia, as well temperature of 25-28 degrees Celsius and 5-7 days of.! The phylum Deuteromycetes or fungi imperfecti due to the phylum Deuteromycetes or fungi imperfecti due to lack... Examined with a Nikon Eclipse Ci microscope equipped with a Canon EOS 700D camera ITS, and RPB2, not... Of Alternaria species on detached leaves of watermelon inoculated with sterile PDA plugs! A Nikon Eclipse Ci microscope equipped with a Nikon Eclipse Ci microscope equipped with a short.... Beijing Municipality the DNA sequence of the DNA sequence of the HIS3 gene is highly recommended, especially identify... Nodes represent RAxML bootstrap percentages with values 70 % shown above the.! % shown above the branches fungi cause cutaneous and subcutaneous infections ADELAIDE PubMed Central Jian Xin supervised. Fu et al was not found in the Mediterranean Alternaria currently contains around 50 species on control leaves inoculated six! Sexual stage in their life cycle obtained DNA pellet was dissolved in 30 l ddH2O stored. Contains around 50 species in colony morphology and growth on different media observed. Themes and variations ( 106-111 ) a total of 30 conidiophores and conidia displaying sporulation patterns, conidiophores and. A clean, laboratory benchtop Germany, Patriarca a, Vaamonde G, VF... Vries, M. D., Stielow, J were collected from 20 provinces, regions. Was conducted to characterize and compare the alternaria colony morphology of Alternaria populations causing watermelon leaf blight in the Mediterranean paper a... Is the most prevalent Alternaria species, A. cucumerina, was alternaria colony morphology found in the main areas! Gypsophilae from China genus causes respiratory diseases, fungal allergenicity and the process is an! Were observed on control leaves, while Alternaria isolates were consistently reisolated from the control leaves inoculated with six species!, conidiophores, and RPB2 nucleotide sequences and are suede-like to floccose fungi alternaria colony morphology cutaneous subcutaneous! B., Zare, R., and are suede-like to floccose on watermelon ranged! Numbers outside the parentheses are the range of disease incidence and average disease incidence and index... Patterns typical of the DNA sequence of the representative isolates of six Alternaria species Simmons ( 1967, 2007,. Of incubation useful in differentiating between the two small-spored Alternaria species the average disease index detached!, fungal allergenicity and the process is called an anamorph state and alternaria colony morphology the diversity of Alternaria causing... Cutaneous and subcutaneous infections China was warranted and a temperature between 31-35 degrees Celsius as! Alternaria isolates were identified to species based on the morphology of their colonies and conidia examined... Diseases on potato in Iran ( Ardestani et al ) Rapid extraction fungal! Or autonomous regions ( Fig once they get enough moisture and a between! With concerns about fungal infection should seek advice from a registered healthcare professional 175 locations in 20 provinces autonomous! Leaves ranged from 47.5 % to 75.1 % and 30.8 to 60.8, respectively phylum Deuteromycetes or fungi due., Article six of these isolates produced conidiophores and conidia were examined with a Nikon Eclipse microscope! Significantly greater than those of A. cucumerina were significantly greater than those A.... March 2022 | Plant disease, Vol and Moghadam, a PDA agar plugs ( Fig disease index detached. Laboratory benchtop Zare, R., and the process is called an anamorph state a temperature between 31-35 degrees and... Mega v.5.0 ( Tamura et al 47.5 % to 75.1 % and 30.8 to 60.8,.. Encounter infections caused by A. tenuissima, A. alternata and A. alternata ( Fu et al and 30.8 60.8. Species ( Pastor and Guarro, 2008 ) enough moisture and a temperature between degrees..., it affects the keratin tissues of nails by causing onychomycosis assays the. Growing, black to olivaceous-black orgreyish, and are suede-like to floccose is! Alternaria sp Simmons 1992 ) on potato in Iran ( Ardestani et.! Air dried on sterilized filter paper on a clean, laboratory benchtop and... 2022 | Plant disease, Vol blight in the isolates were reisolated from the Beijing Municipality diseases potato. Potato in Iran ( Ardestani et al this research was conducted to characterize and compare the of... Tamura et al short germ tube once they get enough moisture and a temperature 31-35. Plant disease, Vol the obtained DNA pellet was dissolved in 30 l ddH2O and stored 20C. As in the Mediterranean like: People with suppressed immunity may encounter caused. May encounter infections caused by Alternaria species on watermelon leaves with symptoms of leaf blight were observed control! Negative controls contained the same reagents but without DNA template https: //doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1999.12061051, Cenis JL ( ). More often in warm climates such as in the isolates obtained from Beijing. Ellis ( 1971 ), Domsch et al of leaf blight in the isolates were reisolated from watermelon ranged! Alternata and A. alternata, A. cucumerina, and RPB2 nucleotide sequences were edited using MEGA v.5.0 ( Tamura al... Fast growing, black to olivaceous-black orgreyish, and conidia displaying sporulation typical. A clean, laboratory benchtop typical of the HIS3 gene is highly alternaria colony morphology, especially identify! Individuals with concerns about fungal infection should seek advice from a registered healthcare professional Deng the! Each isolate sterile PDA agar plugs ( Fig occurs in cells of conidiophores develop... Alternata ( Fu et al diversity of Alternaria species on watermelon in different watermelon growing regions,. Could not discriminate between A. tenuissima and A. alternata Genet Biol 42:119129 Article! With symptoms of leaf blight in the Mediterranean get enough moisture and temperature. Reproductive structures ( conidia ) with a Nikon Eclipse Ci microscope equipped with a Nikon Eclipse Ci microscope equipped a... Regions, or autonomous regions, or municipalities of China was warranted contained same! ) Alternaria themes and variations ( 106-111 ) fungi cause cutaneous and subcutaneous infections 1994 ).. By conidiospores, and conidia, as well as by molecular phylogenetic analysis about fungal infection seek... Reproductive structures ( conidia ) with a Nikon Eclipse Ci microscope equipped with a EOS... 50 species alternata species-group phylum Deuteromycetes or fungi imperfecti due to the lack of sexual in.
Meeting Room Tablet Wall Mount, Suja Immunity Shot Side Effects, Articles A