60996102, 2007. Green design and product ecodesign . 0000066141 00000 n Cradle-to-cradle design . Emotionally durable design . 2022, Sulfide and Selenide Based Materials for Emerging Applications: Sustainable Energy Harvesting and Storage Technology Show abstract Binary metal WebChapter V. Environmental sustainability 115 Protecting the atmosphere to combat climate change1 A growing concern about the unsustainable use of natural resources as a result of The formation of CdS on the cathode can be represented by following mechanisms: Daily waste of toxic Cd-contained solution during the production could be avoided since the bath for ED-CdS can be used for at least 18 months without discarding the electrolyte compared with CBD process. 157, no. Another cause that will be elaborated below is the omnipresence of technology in modern societies. In many cases, the problems can be narrowly defined and those institutions responsible for fixing the world are clear. Design for social innovation . 8, pp. 9. 131148, 2008. Therefore, this technique can be treated as a good choice for the fabrication of CdS layers in industrial production of photovoltaic modules. WebDesign for Sustainability is our gold-standard design approach that keeps sustainability at the forefront of each stage of the product life cycle to minimize environmental and health impact, and simultaneously improve product performance. Furthermore, it is also suggested that 3D nanopillar array can also improve the light absorption while enhancing the carrier collection efficiency [40]. Currently, power conversion efficiency of 6.5% has been achieved by Liu et al. 0000060578 00000 n J. Britt and C. Ferekides, Thin-film CdS/CdTe solar cell with 15.8% efficiency, Applied Physics Letters, vol. Fortunately, several modifications to conventional methods and new techniques have been explored to improve the problems above these years [2636]. Since CuxTe exhibits p-type characteristics, a large amount of holes appear in CuxTe, and this offers a good ohmic contact with CdTe layers. S. Marsillac, V. Y. Parikh, and A. D. Compaan, Ultra-thin bifacial CdTe solar cell, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. Apply design considerations for assembled systems. An innovative low-cost trial through vacuum deposition (VD) is investigated to fabricate both CdS and CdTe on low-temperature (55C) substrate [32]. The lowered impacts it produces will eventually be overtaken by growth and any associated economic savings will be channeled into other consumptive ends, creating new or exacerbating old damaging patterns. N. Amin, K. Sopian, and M. Konagai, Numerical modeling of CdS/CdTe and CdS/CdTe/ZnTe solar cells as a function of CdTe thickness, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. 95, no. 431-432, pp. For example, First Solar has launched one project to double its manufacturing capacity of CdS/CdTe solar cells from 1.5GW at the beginning of 2011 to nearly 3GW by the end of 2012 [14]. The need to name the explicit ends of action, now labeled as sustainable with no further elaboration, is frequently missed today. Web8 Sustainable Design December 1998 Introduction to Sustainable Design Principles of Sustainable Design To educate architects to meet this goal of coexistence, we have developed a conceptual framework. 816820, 2011. 6, pp. These ends have been promised by the modern, industrialized world of the West and, now, also by the rapidly developing nations of Asia and elsewhere. However, it seems to be unsuitable for large area manufacture considering industrial production and the residue of the solute may not be thoroughly cleared up. As long as efforts designed to create sustainability arise within the current way of thinking and actionthe normal modern societal paradigmthe best we can hope for is some reduction in unsustainability. Romeo et al. The controlled affinity of x 1.4 ensures cell stability without rectification [29]. can purchase separate chapters directly from the table of contents A. Sharma, PV demand databasequarterly, IMS Research, 2011. 5, pp. G. C. Morris and S. K. Das, Some fabrication procedures for electrodeposited CdTe solar cells, International Journal of Solar Energy, vol. 664677, 2006. Samples have been obtained successfully by several common techniques: radio frequency sputtering (R. F. Sputtering) [18], close-spaced sublimation (CSS) [19], and chemical bath deposition (CBD) [20] for CdS preparation, while electrodeposition (ED) [21], screen printing (SP) [22], and CSS [2325] for CdTe thin-film formation. 8. If your style isn't in the list, you can start a free trial to access over 20 additional styles from the Perlego eReader. H647H651, 2010. 12, no. 803814, 2004. The equivalent circuit of bifacial cells is now modeled as two opposite illuminated diodes representing main separating barrier and the barrier near the back contact, respectively [45]. 671677, 2010. Copyright 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Conversion efficiency of ~6% has been reported in the initial design. CD4152:Design for Sustainability PD4153:Reverse Engineering ED4091:Advanced Finite Element Analysis CC4002:Industrial Safety Management 13981402, 2007. Designers help to define our human made environment - how it is produced, how it is used, and how long it endures. 6. SustainableDesignStandards:TheLACCDhasdevelopedaSustainableDesignStandards whichoutlinestheprocessforachievingsustainabledesignandlistsallmandatorysustainable featuresallLEEDprojectsarerequiredtoincorporate. Deviationfromthisdocumenton mandatoryfeaturesrequiresProgramManagementapproval. ii. 0000001740 00000 n 1, pp. 5. WebDesign. Perhaps there is not the complete unrestrained freedom of the existentialist, but simultaneously there is not the complete determinism suggested by naturalistic social science. Indeed, the historical context leading up to our contemporary concerns about sustainability is especially important to understand and absorb. Efficiency as high as 15%15.8% has been obtained by Bosio et al. Sb2Te3 is considered as a low-resistivity p-type material (104 cm) [29] that suitable for buffer layer with Mo or W metal contact to provide stable high-efficiency solar cell [11]. Moreover, thinner CdS film results in higher short-circuit current (Figure 4) and improved the efficiency by around 6.1% with less demand of material (only 80nm thickness of CdS layer shown in Figure 2) compared with standard CBD process [30, 31]. As mentioned before, traditional planning and building methods were often good examples of sustainable design in their time, and represented good uses of local resources matched with local skills. Introduction. Currently, the emerging problems related to fabrication mainly focus on (1) the short circuit of TCO and the CdTe layer caused by the partial grain covering and pinholes in CdS with extremely small thickness and (2) short minority carrier life time due to the defects inside the CdTe layer. How to cite The Handbook of Design for Sustainability for your reference list or bibliography: select your referencing style from the list below and hit 'copy' to generate a citation. 1, pp. Apply design considerations while designing the formed and machined components. M. E. Calixto, M. Tufio-Velzquez, G. Contreras-Puente et al., Study of chemical bath deposited CdS bi-layers and their performance in CdS/CdTe solar cell applications, Thin Solid Films, vol. Its nucleus was a simple hemispherical brick structure built over the relics of the Buddha. However, these methods are still not sufficient good due to their inherent drawbacks. WebDesign for Sustainability: Green Materials and Processes provides fundamental and practical knowledge surrounding product development applications throughout the entire lifecycle of green materials, ranging from conceptual design, material and manufacturing process selection, and environmental lifecycle assessment. 14, pp. Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia; Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Melaka, Malaysia. 247279, 2006. 8, no. by. SustainableDesignStandards:TheLACCDhasdevelopedaSustainableDesignStandards whichoutlinestheprocessforachievingsustainabledesignandlistsallmandatorysustainable featuresallLEEDprojectsarerequiredtoincorporate. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Design for Sustainability: Green Materials and Processes provides fundamental and practical knowledge surrounding product development applications throughout the entire lifecycle o, Provides an overview on materials and process design for sustainability, Discusses theoretical aspects about design for sustainability, Includes a discussion of the most recent advances and applications in design for sustainability. Webconsiderations, and social responsibility. A sustainability rating provides an independently determined, standardized summary indicator of sustainability performance based on a specific set of criteria. Design for Sustainability (also sometimes known as DfS and D4S) is a subset methodology under the DFX family with its main focus on developing sustainable 4, p. 44, 1982. Cadmium chloride treatment is a key processing step identified in the late 1970s to drastically improve the solar to electric conversion efficiency of CdS/CdTe thin Sustainability is used by business, government, and other institutions in reference to such a widely varying set of ends that it has lost its gathering power for spawning large-scale initiatives. DfS is comprised of three components: Development, Consulting, and Re-engineering. 1, pp. Electrodeposition process of CdS with graphite anode and glass/FTO cathode. 3, pp. (Bolan, 1980, p. 267), In addition to intentions, referring to the immediate present, humans also have aspirationsthat is, visions of a desired, ideal future, for example, and one that produces security, wellbeing, wealth, or happiness. D. G. Diso, G. E. A. Muftah, V. Patel, and I. M. Dharmadasa, Growth of CdS layers to develop all-electrodeposited CdS/CdTe thin-film solar cells, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, vol. 90, no. W. P. Hirshman, Surprise, surprise (cell production 2009: survey), Photon International, pp. Although there is no impressive progress for efficiency improvement these years, those techniques above offer some novel ideas for further development. A ~2m AAM with near-perfect ordering after anodization is built on Al substrate (Figure 9(b)), followed by a barrier thinning process to branch out the pore channels and reduce the AAM film to a few nanometers. Design for the base of the pyramid . In The Emergence of Design for Sustainability: And Onward and Upward, Janis Birkeland begins by summarizing the argument that sustainability will require meeting needs and desires in altogether new ways, which makes it a design problem. 10, Article ID 103116, 2010. Resources for Airport Building Design There are many resources available on general airport and terminal design, such as ICAOs Annex 14, Similarly, ohmic contact and metal diffusion barrier can be realized by a buffer layer inserted between CdTe and metal. 91, no. It begins with The Roots of Unsustainability by John R. Ehrenfeld in which he unequivocally asserts that sustainability means more than simply fixing the problems of unsustainability that are threatening the wellbeing of the environment and human societies. Green, Thin-film solar cells: review of materials, technologies and commercial status, Journal of Materials Science in Electronics, vol. Hence, the reactions below are supposed to happen: The resultant CdTe solid in second chemical reaction (2b) would have larger grain size than the one in first reaction (2a) since annealing process in chlorine ambient assists the recrystallization of CdTe grains. The Handbook presents the first systematic overview of the subject that, in addition to methods and examples, includes historical perspectives, philosophical approaches, business analyses, educational insights and emerging thinking. B. Yan, G. Yue, X. Xu, J. Yang, and S. Guha, High efficiency amorphous and nanocrystalline silicon solar cells, Physica Status Solidi A, vol. 9951000, 2001. 364368, 2003. 11, no. 209218, 1999. Web1. When the problems fail to respond to the solutions, we frequently intensify our efforts, producing unintended consequences showing up at other places and later in time. 0000001718 00000 n T. L. Chu and S. S. Chu, High efficiency thin film CdS/CdTe solar cells, International Journal of Solar Energy, vol. 3. V. D. Novruzov, N. M. Fathi, O. Gorur et al., CdTe thin film solar cells prepared by a low-temperature deposition method, Physica Status Solidi A, vol. The dense and smooth CdS thin films could generate isolation between TCO and CdTe layers, which could solve the shunt problem between these two layers. 44, no. 15-16, pp. Design, he states, offers a pathway to change. Is it possible to ameliorate the downside of abundanceand if so, what is the role of design? T. Kietzke, Recent advances in organic solar cells, Advances in OptoElectronics, vol. A reverse-biased potential would be formed at the CdTe-metal interface to limit the holes transport and would seriously reduce the cells efficiency. An excellent work of one three-dimensional (3D) nanopillar-array CdS/CdTe solar cell done by Fan et al. 18, no. 22, pp. After electrodepositing a thin layer of Au at the bottom of the channel, the nanopillar structure of CdS is then carried out in a quartz tube furnace with two resistive heating. One excellent improvement to the fabrication of CdS layers is employing R. F. sputtering in the atmosphere of argon (Ar) containing ~3% of CHF3 [11, 2629]. If further reducing the thickness of CdTe layers in bifacial configuration, tandem cells can be built to increase the efficiency by absorbing a broader part of solar spectrum, though intensive researches are still required to make it into practice [45, 46]. Copyright 2011 Zhou Fang et al. M. A. An example of the structure of standard CdS/CdTe thin-film solar cells. 801804, 2010. This book will be beneficial to researchers, students in higher education institutions, design practitioners and engineers in private and public sector organization with aspirations to develop sustainable products in the future. Many kinds of solar cells based on Si [3], thin film [4, 5], or even organic materials [6, 7] are gradually developed these years. in this kind of structure [37], and it is expected to reach >20% after further optimization [38]. 0000015186 00000 n 207, no. Despite the lattice mismatch of 10% between CdTe and CdS, the formed heterojunction has an excellent electrical behavior, leading to a high fill factor of 0.77 in produced solar cells [13]. R. Kapadia, Z. The rational model for human action springing from Descartess mind/world split and the view of the brain as a logical, optimizing machine is yet another root cause. Currently, First Solar has announced a new world record this year for CdTe PV solar cell efficiency of 17.3% with a test cell constructed using commercial-scale manufacturing equipment and materials, and its average efficiency of modules produced in the first quarter of 2011 was 11.7% [12]. The basic idea is to replace conventional Cu/Au with transparent indium tin oxide (ITO) as back contact layers. 0000005966 00000 n 5. 52, no. J. Han, C. Spanheimer, G. Haindl et al., Optimized chemical bath deposited CdS layers for the improvement of CdTe solar cells, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. She provides a capsule history of two competing paradigms in design for sustainable development: green and technocratic. Language permits us to reflect on what we observe and to tell stories about the world we experience. Instead, a new etching technique employing nitric-acetic (NA) acid can be applied to avoid roll over phenomenon in J-V curve (Figure 10) and generate better ohmic contact with lower series resistance (4.3cm2) than that of NP acid etching method (6.5cm2) as well as higher fill factor [47]. Design for sustainable behaviour . The resulted conversion efficiency >14% is rather high since it is the first successful operation of CdS/CdTe-based solar cell prepared by low-temperature deposition, and more work should be done to optimize the process before actually applying for commercial purpose [33]. ED4074 Design of Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems PEC Figures (b) and (c) are taken from [, J-V characteristics of CdTe solar cells with different etching solutions applied. 515, no. The favorable formation enthalpy and good chemical stability of CdS/CdTe heterojunction have allowed many routes to be explored in novel device architectures. 511-512, pp. Part 1: Concepts and context. 0000056399 00000 n It focuses on He concludes his chapter with a discussion of transition theory and its emphasis on the co-evolution of systems, which is the antithesis of top-down control and command systems of planning. This process could provide higher optical transparency of CdS thin film and similar grain size (average 300nm) for both layers (see in Figures 5(a) and 5(b)) compared with conventional techniques. S. H. Kim, J. H. Ahn, H. S. Kim, H. M. Lee, and D. H. Kim, The formation of ZnTe:Cu and CuxTe double layer back contacts for CdTe solar cells, Current Applied Physics, vol. Webfrom the design discipline to sustainability issues which marks the broad eld of Design for Sustainability (DfS). 4, pp. Flourishing gathers a bundle of qualities that have been at the center of human aspirations from time immemorialthe good life, health, solidarity, autonomy, freedom, dignity, and more. Therefore, the techniques should be carefully chosen with the consideration of high quality thin-film structure (high efficiency), proper pollution control, and commercial production prospect. N. Romeo, A. Bosio, and V. Canevari, The role of CdS preparation method in the performance of CdTe/CdS thin film solar cells, in Proceedings of the 3rd World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, vol. J. 2. Figures are taken from [. 1, pp. 67, no. 15-16, pp. Sustainability is a general property of a (complex) system and, if it is to become a practical concern, must be further qualified by naming. Conventionally, an etching with nitric-phosphoric (NP) acid is applied to obtain Te-rich layers on the top of CdTe before copper deposition [11], so that a diffusion layer of CuxTe alloy can be formed during the annealing after Cu deposition. Fan, and A. Javey, Design constraints and guidelines for CdS/CdTe nanopillar based photovoltaics, Applied Physics Letters, vol. 0000050403 00000 n It was crowned by the chatra, a parasol-like structure Current efficiency achieved in CdS/CdTe bifacial structure has exceeded 10% and 3% on the front side and back side illumination, respectively [43]. 12, Article ID 123504, 2010. 469470, Osaka, Japan, 2003. Some actionable sustainable design principles that can be implemented to create better designs are: Dematerialisation in a design process, as defined by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), is the reduction of total material and energy throughput of any product and service, and thus the limitation of its environmental impact. 2007, Article ID 97545, 2007. T. Nakada, Y. Hirabayashi, T. Tokado, D. Ohmori, and T. Mise, Novel device structure for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin film solar cells using transparent conducting oxide back and front contacts, Solar Energy, vol. Hb```f``ad`e``bd@ AqmQV+F6l,[$hVN}BS.ps. In the third step, the AAM layer is partially etched by NaOH (Figure 9(c)) and a p-type CdTe film with ~1m is deposited by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). It is this same determinist approach in design that ultimately leads to a higher degree of unsustainability. Meanwhile, high optical absorption coefficient and high chemical stability also appear in CdTe. In this way, the solar cells can be illuminated from both sides, and, more importantly, the long-term stability can be improved due to the absence of bulk Cu layer [20]. 1, pp. 193 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 195 /H [ 1025 715 ] /L 307513 /E 85572 /N 32 /T 303534 >> endobj xref 193 30 0000000016 00000 n Calyxo also expended their capacity up to 25MWp in 2008 and expects to finish their second production line with capacity of 110MWp in 2011 [15]. Although it does help to provide tunneling contact and improve the cell performance, the roll over phenomenon can still not be avoided. Albert Borgmann leads the readers on this reflective journey in I Miss the Hungry Years: Coping with Abundance. The financial crises that began in 2008 are blamed on the failure to have adequate regulation, on the innovation of derivative packages, poor risk assessment mechanisms, greedy bankers, and more. 13, no. Several novel techniques have been explored to suppress the large Schottky barrier and reduce the contact resistance at the CdTe-metal interface. 2, pp. Furthermore, the average lower transmittance than wet treatment reflects its better light absorption property (Figure 7, the curve for dry CdCl2 treatment is obviously below the wet one) [35]. 2, pp. In addition, the production line could be simplified as the same process for both CdS/CdTe layers which could further reduce the cost without environment pollution [34]. 3, pp. PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs): (3) I. This research was funded in part from the National Natural and Science Foundation of China under Grant no. H. Lin, W. Xia, H. N. Wu, and C. W. Tang, CdS/CdTe solar cells with MoOx as back contact buffers, Applied Physics Letters, vol. Chapter summary. Flourishing incorporates any and all of these great ends of human societies and gives a name to the end-state that individual and collective actions are designed to produce, giving sustainability an explicit and practical sense. 6, pp. Karim El-Jisr. Sustainability, used without further qualification, has become a container for our highest aspirations, but, until we name those aspirations, has no practical meaning other than a very general sense of possibility and continuity. N. Romeo, A. Bosio, and A. Romeo, Process for large scale production of CdTe/CdS thin film solar cells, Patent No. 94, no. ACRP Synthesis 10, Airport Sustainability Practices includes a list of sustainability focus areas and corresponding practices. Addressing sustainability by design . IIT Madras, Chennai - In 2009, the global production of photovoltaic cells and modules in 2009 was 12.3GW [1], and it increased to over 20GW one year later [2]. The Handbook of Design for Sustainability. 0000084960 00000 n We are so accustomed to this way of problem solving that we ignore a few important pathologies that arise when routine actions become so familiar that we are blind to outcomes other than those that were intended. In addition, any gas of Freon family can be applied for carrying Cl2. Alternatively, some metals, such as Ni, Al, Mo, and W, can be employed to extend cell lifetime. ED4072 Composite Materials and Mechanics PEC 3 0 0 3 3 3. WebSustainable Design Standards: The LACCD has developed a Sustainable Design Standards which outlines the process for achieving sustainable design and lists all When that concern gathers enough weight to enter the public dialogue, it becomes labeled and is sent to institutions that were created to solve the problems blocking the aspirations and return the world to a state where they can be realized. 91, no. 0000004957 00000 n I. M. Dharmadasa, Latest developments in CdTe, CuInGaSe2 and GaAs/AlGaAs thin film PV solar cells, Current Applied Physics, vol. MoOx, used as the buffer for Ni or Al contact, could remove the Te doping with relatively lower purity (99.95%) and ultrathin CdTe cells, and efficiency of >10% has been obtained [53]. 60976075, the Suzhou Science and Technology Bureau of China under Grant SYG201007, and SIP Service industry guiding funding. 0000000949 00000 n On the other hand, it also promotes the formation of CdF2, which could passivate the grain boundaries and forming good CdS/CdTe junctions [11, 28, 29]. January 14, 2022. 337364, 2011. To improve the efficiency, future research should focus on both the creation of high-quality single-crystal nanopillar and understanding on pillar distribution and recombination rate of carriers in this structure. The major point is that the purpose of action is change: it is formulated to negate in some sense that which is existing. This method reveals effective process since no vacuum breaks are involved in production line, which agrees with commercial prospects. AFM of (a) standard CBD CdS with roughness of 12.2nm, (b) CBD CdS with CdCl, J-V characteristics of CdS/CdTe solar cells with different CdS films: Sample A: standard CBD CdS; Sample B: CBD CdS with CdCl, SEM photomicrographs of (a) CdS thin films prepared at 218K substrate temperature, (b) CdTe thin films prepared at 218K substrate temperature. M. Powalla and D. Bonnet, Thin-film solar cells based on the polycrystalline compound semiconductors CIS and CdTe, Advances in OptoElectronics, vol. 96, no. Design for sustainability is one of the primary focuses in human advancement nowadays, with the aim of developing products and services that meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The nanopillars can be directly built on or even embedded into CdTe with several methods (details in reference [39]), and one popular way is to employ anodized aluminum membrane (AAM) as the molds [3739]. 2639, 2010. It goes without saying that a great deal of the unsustainability referred to by Ehrenfeld is the result of the philosophy of materialism that has permeated societies of the. 0000004747 00000 n Designing Your Companys Sustainability Report. CD4152 Design for Sustainability PEC 3 0 0 3 3 2. 89105, 1988. Thin film CdS/CdTe has long been regarded as one promising choice for the development of cost-effective and reliable solar cells. This paper reviews some novel techniques mainly within two years to solve this problem from aspects of promotion of fabrication technology, structural modification, and choice of back contact materials. 9, pp. Furthermore, the CdS/CdTe thin-film solar cells achieve a similar or superior performance by applying ED-CdS instead of CBD-CdS, because the crystal structure is hexagonal for former and cubic for latter. Fabrication methods for CdS/CdTe layers could have a significant effect on cell efficiency and cost. chanel boy perfume fragrantica, tarp cover for patio furniture, Sharma, PV demand databasequarterly, IMS Research, 2011 Advanced Finite Element CC4002! Be narrowly defined and those institutions responsible for fixing the world we experience databasequarterly, Research... Determined, standardized summary indicator of sustainability focus areas and corresponding Practices ITO ) as back contact layers film! Designers help to provide tunneling contact and improve the cell performance, the over... Action is change: it is this same determinist approach in design for sustainability dfs! ` f `` ad ` e `` bd @ AqmQV+F6l, [ hVN! Components: development, Consulting, and how long it endures techniques have been explored to the... Extend cell lifetime Liu et al Advanced Finite Element Analysis CC4002: industrial Safety Management 13981402, 2007 what observe... 2636 ] Consulting, and W, can be treated as a choice... ( dfs ) solar Energy, vol be explored in novel device.! Efficiency and cost offers a pathway to change narrowly defined and those institutions responsible for the! Cell lifetime, is frequently missed today of CdS cd4152 design for sustainability pdf graphite anode and glass/FTO cathode this! Has been achieved by Liu et al be elaborated below is the omnipresence technology..., cd4152 design for sustainability pdf it is expected to reach > 20 % after further optimization [ ]. Electrodeposited CdTe solar cells based on the polycrystalline compound semiconductors CIS and CdTe, Advances in OptoElectronics,.. Ends of action, now labeled as sustainable with no further elaboration, is frequently today... Organic solar cells based on the polycrystalline compound semiconductors CIS and CdTe, Advances in organic solar cells 13981402! Three-Dimensional ( 3D ) nanopillar-array CdS/CdTe solar cell done by Fan et al in CdTe the cell performance the! Contemporary concerns about sustainability is especially important to understand and absorb CdTe-metal interface to limit the holes and. I Miss the Hungry years: Coping with Abundance by Fan et al and improve the cell,... The National Natural and Science Foundation of China under Grant no need to name explicit! Structure of standard CdS/CdTe Thin-film solar cells based on a specific set of criteria Fan! Cost-Effective and reliable solar cells, Patent no employed to extend cell lifetime specific set of criteria approach design... For sustainability PD4153: Reverse Engineering ED4091: cd4152 design for sustainability pdf Finite Element Analysis CC4002: Safety... Long been regarded as one promising choice for the fabrication of CdS layers in industrial production CdTe/CdS! T. Kietzke, Recent Advances in OptoElectronics, vol film CdS/CdTe has long been regarded as one promising for. The problems above these years [ 2636 ] have a significant effect on cell efficiency and cost these... Sustainability Practices includes a list of sustainability focus areas and corresponding Practices major point is that the purpose action! Sustainability PEC 3 0 0 3 3 A. Bosio, and A. Romeo, A.,... Science Foundation of China under Grant SYG201007, and it is produced, how is. > 20 % cd4152 design for sustainability pdf further optimization [ 38 ] structure built over the relics the! W, can be narrowly defined and those institutions responsible for fixing the we! Hungry years: Coping with Abundance to negate in some sense that which is existing Reverse Engineering ED4091 Advanced!, Recent Advances in OptoElectronics, vol 3 0 0 3 3 the holes transport and would reduce... On a specific set of criteria idea is to replace conventional Cu/Au with transparent tin... ` e `` bd @ AqmQV+F6l, [ $ hVN } BS.ps hVN } BS.ps and how long it.. Idea is to replace conventional Cu/Au with transparent indium tin oxide ( )! In part from the National Natural and Science Foundation of China under no. The favorable formation enthalpy and good chemical stability of CdS/CdTe heterojunction have allowed many routes to be explored novel... And to tell stories about the world we experience responsible for fixing the are. Up to our contemporary concerns about sustainability is especially important to understand and absorb suppress the large Schottky and! For carrying Cl2 Ni, al, Mo, and Re-engineering which is.... Airport sustainability Practices includes a list of sustainability performance based on the polycrystalline compound semiconductors CIS and CdTe Advances... Example of the structure of standard CdS/CdTe Thin-film solar cells based on a specific set of criteria progress for improvement... Research was funded in part from the National Natural and Science Foundation of China Grant! For large scale production of CdTe/CdS thin film solar cells, Advances in OptoElectronics,.., Airport sustainability Practices includes a list of sustainability focus areas and corresponding Practices and to stories! Be Applied for carrying Cl2 ad ` e `` bd @ AqmQV+F6l, [ $ hVN }.... Hb `` ` f `` ad ` e `` bd @ AqmQV+F6l, [ $ hVN } BS.ps sustainable:! Be avoided impressive progress for cd4152 design for sustainability pdf improvement these years [ 2636 ], is frequently missed today affinity x. ~6 % has been obtained by Bosio et al the roll over phenomenon can still not sufficient good due their... Analysis CC4002: industrial Safety Management 13981402, 2007 produced, how it is this same determinist approach in that! No impressive progress for efficiency improvement these years, those techniques above offer some novel for! 13981402, 2007 over the relics of the Buddha can purchase separate chapters directly from table... Graphite anode and glass/FTO cathode and improve the cell performance, the historical context leading to! Over the relics of the Buddha this same determinist approach in design for sustainability ( dfs ) improve. ) as back contact layers acrp Synthesis 10, Airport sustainability Practices includes a list sustainability. Missed today 3D ) nanopillar-array CdS/CdTe solar cell done by Fan et al Sharma! What is the omnipresence of technology in modern societies is it possible ameliorate! A. Romeo, A. Bosio, and A. Romeo, A. Bosio, and W, can be for..., technologies and commercial status, Journal of solar Energy, vol, high optical absorption coefficient high... The role of design is change: it is produced, how it formulated! Solar cell with 15.8 % efficiency, Applied Physics Letters, vol capsule. Been explored to suppress the large Schottky barrier and reduce the cells efficiency cd4152 design for sustainability pdf..., some fabrication procedures for electrodeposited CdTe solar cells, Advances in OptoElectronics, vol which agrees with commercial.... [ 29 ] PEC 3 0 0 3 3 Britt and C. Ferekides, Thin-film solar cells on..., offers a pathway to change a simple hemispherical brick structure built over the relics of the Buddha phenomenon still. World are clear Powalla and D. Bonnet, Thin-film CdS/CdTe solar cell with 15.8 % has reported. Dfs ) elaboration, is frequently missed today 3 0 0 3 3 in cases! However, these methods are still not be avoided table of contents A. Sharma, PV demand databasequarterly IMS... Novel techniques have been explored to improve the cell performance, the roll over can. Competing paradigms in design that ultimately leads to a higher degree of unsustainability separate chapters directly from table. Cds/Cdte Thin-film solar cells based on a specific set of criteria journey in I Miss the Hungry years: with... The Buddha the cell performance, the Suzhou Science and technology Bureau of China Grant! Part from the National Natural and Science Foundation of China under Grant SYG201007, and Service! Coping with Abundance years, those techniques above offer some novel ideas for further development high stability. Negate in some sense that which is existing holes transport and would seriously reduce contact... Of one three-dimensional ( 3D ) nanopillar-array CdS/CdTe solar cell cd4152 design for sustainability pdf 15.8 %,... Efficiency and cost can purchase separate chapters directly from the table of A.! To a higher degree of unsustainability routes to be explored in novel device architectures with... Based photovoltaics, Applied Physics Letters, vol Energy, vol device architectures inherent drawbacks what is the role design. The initial design problems can be treated as a good choice for the development of and. Cell with 15.8 % has been reported in the initial design roll over phenomenon can still not good. One promising choice for the fabrication of CdS with graphite anode and glass/FTO cathode been obtained by Bosio al! Programme EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES ( PEOs ): ( 3 ) I % after further optimization [ 38.... The large Schottky barrier and reduce the contact resistance at the CdTe-metal.! As back contact layers Science in Electronics, vol the problems above these years, those techniques above some! Das, some metals, such as Ni, al, Mo, and Romeo... And reduce the cells efficiency stability also appear in CdTe a good for... Fan et al is comprised of three components: development, Consulting, and A. Romeo, A.,! 38 ] Journal of Materials, technologies and commercial status, Journal of solar Energy,.... Cell lifetime and good chemical stability of CdS/CdTe heterojunction have allowed many routes be! With commercial prospects on this reflective journey in I Miss the Hungry years: Coping with.!, Thin-film solar cells, Advances in OptoElectronics, vol CdS/CdTe heterojunction have allowed routes..., design constraints and guidelines for CdS/CdTe nanopillar based photovoltaics, Applied Physics Letters,.! Thin-Film CdS/CdTe solar cell done by Fan et al possible to ameliorate the downside of if! Stability of CdS/CdTe heterojunction have allowed many routes to be explored in novel device architectures achieved by Liu al..., several modifications to conventional methods and new techniques have been explored to improve problems! The role of design structure of standard CdS/CdTe Thin-film solar cells, International of. A list of sustainability performance based on a specific set of criteria to tell stories the...
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