Am J Polit Sci 62(4):936953, De Bromhead A, Eichengreen B, ORourke KH (2013) Political extremism in the 1920s and 1930s: do German lessons generalize? Argentinas future, as always, remains uncertain. Instead, the Jacobian matrix computed at the boundary equilibria assumes the structure of a triangular matrix. Scenario four is depicted by Fig. We thank the Editors and the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments, which helped us to improve the manuscript. The model applies as long as people tend to gravitate toward a behavior that does better than alternative ones. This paper takes a different stand: Why is right-wing and left-wing populism emerging now? A new powerhouse of Dutch right-wing populism took political center stage Thursday after winning its first provincial elections, a victory that was seen as a resounding rebuke to Prime Minister Mark Rutte's ruling four-party coalition. depositing their money in privately owned banks, and for a WebStudies of populism increasingly theorize about its causes. WebThe Peoples Party, or the Populists, reached national prominence in the 1890s on a platform of policies aimed at reining in big business and helping struggling farmers. Eur Econ Rev 88:227260, Gandolfo G (2010) Economic dynamics, 4th edn. They advocated a WebThe global ascendance of populism has produced an explosion of research, bringing together scholarship on American and comparative politics as well as encouraging For instance, Dorn etal. An evolutionary game-theoretic model, Rationality in a fatalistic world: explaining revolutionary apathy in pre-Soviet peasants, Objectives of the Review of Evolutionary Political Economys Manifesto and editorial proposals on world problems, complex systems, historico-institutional and corruption issues, https://moien.lu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Eurobarometer-Nov_2018.pdf, https://voxeu.org/article/forty-years-inequality-europe, http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Forum_IncGrwth_2018.pdf, https://www.ifo.de/DocDL/eeag-2017-economic-policy-and-the-rise-of-populism.pdf. Hence, from the above considerations we may establish that the expected payoffs of Poor and Rich citizens are: where \({\bar{W}}=W_{R}+I\). and (ii) what are the factors that affect the emergence of right- versus left-wing populism? Populism and the print media: the case of Japan. In addition, the Columbia school (e.g., Berelson etal. Populism is as old as democracy, and there are numerous studies of populism stretching back to the 1960s in Latin America, when the concept first became a defined topic of study. Between 1980 and 2017, the per adult real pre-tax income growth rate of the top 0.001% was 200%, five times more than the growth rate of the bottom 80% of the population (about 40%). Urs Steiner Brandt & Gert Tinggaard Svendsen, Jessica Howell, Flagler College & Nikolai G. Wenzel, Journal of Economic Interaction and Coordination Such public display of anger is key to voting a populist party, as it was rioting together in the streets in Passarelli and Tabellini (2017). We consider the evolutionary game theory approach basically because we claim that agents are not perfectly rational (having common knowledge, in the economic sense) when supporting or not supporting populism.Footnote 4 Then, we present a model that focuses on two deep and long-term causes of populism: economic inequality and salience of immigration. CESifo, Munich, pp 5066. \nonumber \\ \end{aligned}$$, \(\rho =0.8, \; \theta =0.8, \; \alpha =0.5, \; \gamma =0.5, \; \beta _{1}=0.3, \; \beta _{2}=0.8\), $$\begin{aligned} \left\{ \begin{array}{l} x(1-x)\left[ {\bar{W}}({\bar{\tau }}-\tau )-\alpha +\beta _{1}x+\beta _{2}y\right] =0 \\ y(1-y)\left[ \sigma _{1}y+\sigma _{2}x-\gamma \right] =0 \end{array} \right. Int J Game Theory 4:2555, Schelling TC (1969) Models of segregation. In Latin America, there was Venezuela's late President Chvez. How do stable democracies with mild levels of economic and social problems suddenly see an important spike of preferences for populist parties? Bad attitudes toward immigrants have a strong component that is purely given by their presence in the public space. Google Scholar, Dustmann C, Eichengreen B, Otten S, Sapir A, Tabellini G, Zoega G (2017) Europes trust deficit, Dustmann C, Preston IP (2007) Racial and economic factors in attitudes to immigration. Han (2016) presents evidence in line with our setup: higher income inequality is associated with increases in votes for radical right-wing parties (a subset of our definition of populists), but only for the poor. One would be hard-pressed to find a region of the world that populism didnt touch in the 2010s. WebPopulist Movement, in U.S. history, politically oriented coalition of agrarian reformers in the Midwest and South that advocated a wide range of economic and political Nature 246(1973):1518, Medio A, Lines M (2001) Nonlinear dynamics. \end{aligned}$$, \(E_{L}=(0,\frac{\gamma }{\sigma _{1}})\), \(E_{R}\left( 1,\frac{\gamma -\sigma _{2}}{\sigma _{1}}\right) \), \(\sigma _{2}\le \gamma \le \sigma _{1}+\sigma _{2}\), \(E_{B}=\left( \frac{\alpha -\bar{W}({\bar{\tau }}-\tau )}{\beta _{1}},0\right) \), \(0\le \alpha -\bar{W}({\bar{\tau }}-\tau )\le \beta _{1}\), \(E_{U}=\left( \frac{\alpha -{\bar{W}}({\bar{\tau }}-\tau )-\beta _{2}}{\beta _{1}},1\right) \), \(\beta _{2}\le \alpha -{\bar{W}}({\bar{\tau }}-\tau )\le \beta _{1}+\beta _{2}\), $$\begin{aligned} \left( x^{*}=\frac{\gamma \beta _{2}+\sigma _{1}\left( {\bar{W}}(\bar{\tau }-\tau )-\alpha \right) }{\beta _{2}\sigma _{2}-\beta _{1}\sigma _{1}},\;\;y^{*}=\frac{\gamma \beta _{1}+\sigma _{2}\left( {\bar{W}}({\bar{\tau }}-\tau )-\alpha \right) }{\beta _{1}\sigma _{1}-\beta _{2}\sigma _{2}}\right) , \end{aligned}$$, \(\beta _{1}\sigma _{1}\ne \beta _{2}\sigma _{2}\), \(\beta _{1}\sigma _{1}<\beta _{2}\sigma _{2}\), \(\beta _{1}\sigma _{1}>\beta _{2}\sigma _{2}\), \(\alpha >{\bar{W}}({\bar{\tau }}-\tau )\), \(\alpha <{\bar{W}}({\bar{\tau }}-\tau )\), \(\alpha <\beta _{1}+\beta _{2}+\bar{W}({\bar{\tau }}-\tau )\), \(\alpha >\beta _{1}+\beta _{2}+{\bar{W}}({\bar{\tau }}-\tau )\), \(\alpha >\beta _{1} +\beta _{2}+{\bar{W}}({\bar{\tau }}-\tau )\), \(\alpha <\beta _{1}+\beta _{2}+{\bar{W}}({\bar{\tau }}-\tau ) \), \(\alpha >\beta _{2}+{\bar{W}}(\bar{\tau }-\tau )\), \(\alpha <\beta _{2} +{\bar{W}}({\bar{\tau }}-\tau )\), \(\alpha <\beta _{2}+{\bar{W}}({\bar{\tau }}-\tau )\), \(\alpha >\beta _{2}+{\bar{W}}({\bar{\tau }}-\tau )\), \(\alpha <\beta _{1}+{\bar{W}}(\bar{\tau }-\tau )\), \(\alpha >\beta _{1} +{\bar{W}}({\bar{\tau }}-\tau )\), \(\alpha <\beta _{1}+{\bar{W}}({\bar{\tau }}-\tau )\), \(\alpha >\beta _{1}+\bar{W}({\bar{\tau }}-\tau )\), \(\alpha >\frac{\gamma \beta _{2}}{\sigma _{1}}+{\bar{W}}({\bar{\tau }}-\tau )\), \(\alpha <\frac{\gamma \beta _{2}}{\sigma _{1}}+{\bar{W}}(\bar{\tau }-\tau )\), \(\alpha <\beta _{1}+\frac{\left( \gamma -\sigma _{2}\right) \beta _{2}}{\sigma _{1}}+{\bar{W}}({\bar{\tau }}-\tau )\), \(\alpha >\beta _{1} +\frac{\left( \gamma -\sigma _{2}\right) \beta _{2}}{\sigma _{1}}+{\bar{W}} ({\bar{\tau }}-\tau )\), \(\alpha >\beta _{1}+\frac{\left( \gamma -\sigma _{2}\right) \beta _{2} }{\sigma _{1}}+{\bar{W}}({\bar{\tau }}-\tau )\), \(\gamma >\frac{\alpha _{2}}{\beta _{1}}\left( \alpha -{\bar{W}}({\bar{\tau }} -\tau )\right) \), \(\gamma <\sigma _{1}+\frac{\sigma _{2}}{\beta _{1}}\left( \alpha -\beta _{2} -{\bar{W}}({\bar{\tau }}-\tau )\right) \), \(\alpha ={\bar{W}}({\bar{\tau }}-\tau )\), \(\alpha ={\bar{W}}({\bar{\tau }}-\tau )+\beta _{1}\), \(\alpha ={\bar{W}}({\bar{\tau }}-\tau )+\beta _{2}\), \(\alpha ={\bar{W}}({\bar{\tau }}-\tau )+\beta _{1}+\beta _{2}\), \(\alpha -{\bar{W}}({\bar{\tau }}-\tau )=\frac{\beta _{1}\gamma }{\sigma _{1}}\), \(\alpha -{\bar{W}}({\bar{\tau }}-\tau )=\frac{\beta _{1}\gamma }{\sigma _{2}}\), \(\beta _{1}+\beta _{2} \;\; \text {and} \;\; \sigma _{1}+\sigma _{2}\), \(\alpha - \bar{W}({\bar{\tau }}-\tau )<\beta _{1}+\beta _{2}\), \({\bar{W}} \ge \frac{\alpha -\beta _{1}}{({\bar{\tau }}-\tau )}\), \(E_{*}=E_{L}=(0,\frac{\gamma }{\sigma _1})\), \({\bar{W}}({\bar{\tau }}-\tau )>\alpha -\frac{\beta _1\gamma }{\sigma _1}\), \(\alpha =0.5, \; \gamma =0.5, \; \sigma _{1}=0.4, \; \sigma _{2}=0.8, \text {and} \beta _{1}=0.3, \; \beta _{2}=0.8\), \(\alpha =0.1, \; \gamma =0, \; \sigma _{1}=0.4, \; \sigma _{2}=0.8, \text {and} \beta _{1}=0.3, \; \beta _{2}=0.8\), $$\begin{aligned} x \left( 1-x\right) \theta \left( 1-x \right) \frac{1}{2}- \left( 1-x\right) x \theta x \frac{1}{2} =\theta x \left( 1-x\right) \left( \frac{1}{2}-x \right) . The share of \(NS-\)rich citizens is defined by \(\theta x \) and the share of \(S-\)rich citizens by \(\theta \left( 1-x \right) \), with half of each share changing strategy. 6 the boundary equilibria \(E_B\) and \(E_R\) exist: the first means that a fraction of rich citizens support populism and all the Poor support it. 1954) explains individual voting behavior as the product of group affiliations such as religion, ethnicity, and occupation and argue that group pressure leads to conformity. Low or middle level of \(\gamma \), i.e., both the rich and the poor care little on average about immigrants. The next scenario considers a situation with high fear of immigrants and low inequality, represented by Fig. The straight blue line is \((1-x)x(-0.6+0.4x+0.4y)=0\), and the dashed blue line is \((1-y)y(-0.7 + 0.4 x +0.4y)=0\), i.e., the two nullclines (color figure online). Why is it present in USA and Latin America? This brings us to the question of what can be learned from evolutionary game theory in studying the evolution of populations and the individual behavior of its members. Poor people do not work and receive transfers from proportional taxation from the rich. Unemployment may also lead to the rise of populist movements, especially in regions which are quite poor and have a quite low living standard. If people in these regions become unemployed, they may no longer be able to provide for their families and may suffer from starvation. This benefit may be broadly conceived but we define it as the salience of immigration. National Bureau of Economic Research, Mutz DC, Mondak JJ (1997) Dimensions of sociotropic behavior: group-based judgements of fairness and well-being. In: WID.world working paper 2019/6, Card D, Dustmann C, Preston I (2012) Immigration, wages, and compositional amenities. 2018). \end{aligned}$$, $$\begin{aligned} \begin{array}{l} \beta _{1}x+\beta _{2}y=\alpha -{\bar{W}}({\bar{\tau }}-\tau ) \\ \sigma _{2}x+\sigma _{1}y=\gamma \end{array} \end{aligned}$$, \(\sigma _{1}\beta _{1}\ne \sigma _{2}\beta _{2}\), $$\begin{aligned} {(x,y)=\left[ \begin{array}{cc} (1-2x)({\bar{W}}({\bar{\tau }}-\tau )-\alpha +\beta _{1}x+\beta _{2}y)+(1-x)\beta _{1}x &{} \beta _{2}x(1-x) \\ &{} \\ \sigma _{2}y(1-y) &{} \sigma _{1}y(1-y)+(1-2y)(\sigma _{2}x+\sigma _{1}y-\gamma ) \end{array} \right] } \end{aligned}$$, $$\begin{aligned} J(x^{*},y^{*})=\left[ \begin{array}{cc} \beta _{1}x^{*}\left( 1-x^{*}\right) &{} \beta _{2}x^{*}\left( 1-x^{*}\right) \\ \sigma _{2}y^{*}\left( 1-y^{*}\right) &{} \sigma _{1}y^{*}\left( 1-y^{*}\right) \end{array} \right] \end{aligned}$$, \(Tr(J)=\beta _{1}x^{*}\left( 1-x^{*}\right) +\sigma _{1}y^{*}\left( 1-y^{*}\right) <0\), \(Det(J)=x^{*}y^{*}\left( 1-x^{*}\right) \left( 1-y^{*}\right) \left( \beta _{1}\sigma _{1}-\beta _{2}\sigma _{2}\right) >0\), \(Tr(J)^{2}-4Det(J)= \left[ \beta _{1}x^{*}\left( 1-x^{*}\right) -\sigma _{1}y^{*}\left( 1-y^{*}\right) \right] ^{2}+4\beta _{2}\sigma _{2}x^{*}y^{*}\left( 1-x^{*}\right) \left( 1-y^{*}\right) >0\), $$\begin{aligned} J(0,0)=\left[ \begin{array}{cc} {\bar{W}}({\bar{\tau }}-\tau )-\alpha &{} 0 \\ 0 &{} -\gamma \end{array} \right] \end{aligned}$$, \({\bar{W}}({\bar{\tau }}-\tau )-\alpha <0\), $$\begin{aligned} J\left( 1,1\right) =\left[ \begin{array}{cc} \alpha -\beta _{1}-\beta _{2}-{\bar{W}}({\bar{\tau }}-\tau ) &{} 0 \\ 0 &{} \gamma -\sigma _{1}-\sigma _{2} \end{array} \right] \end{aligned}$$, $$\begin{aligned} J\left( 0,\frac{\gamma }{\sigma _{1}}\right) =\left[ \begin{array}{cc} {\bar{W}}({\bar{\tau }}-\tau )-\alpha +\frac{\beta _{2}\gamma }{\sigma _{1}} &{} 0 \\ \sigma _{2}\frac{\gamma }{\sigma _{1}}\left( 1-\frac{\gamma }{\sigma _{1}} \right) &{} \gamma \left( 1-\frac{\gamma }{\sigma _{1}}\right) \end{array} \right] \end{aligned}$$, \(\left( 1-\frac{\gamma }{\sigma _{1}}\right) >0\), \(\alpha >{\bar{W}}({\bar{\tau }}-\tau )+\frac{\beta _{2}\gamma }{\sigma _{1}}\), \(\alpha <{\bar{W}}({\bar{\tau }}-\tau )+\frac{\beta _{2}\gamma }{\sigma _{1} }\), https://doi.org/10.1007/s11403-020-00300-7, Political inequality, political participation, and support for populist parties, Populism: Root Causes, Power Grabbing and Counter Strategy, How robust is the welfare state when facing open borders? Journal of Economic Interaction and Coordination, $$\begin{aligned} \begin{array}{|c|c|c|} \hline R\backslash P &{} \mathbf {NS} &{} {\mathbf {S}} \\ \hline \mathbf {NS} &{} \left( 1-\tau \right) \left( W_R+I\right) , \;W_P+T_{NS} &{} \left( 1-\tau \right) \left( W_R+I\right) , \; W_P+T_{NS}+a_P \\ \hline {\mathbf {S}} &{} \left( 1-{\bar{\tau }} \right) \left( W_R+I\right) +a_R, \; W_P+T_{S} &{} \left( 1-{\bar{\tau }} \right) \left( W_R+I\right) +a_R, \; W_P+T_{S}+a_P \\ \hline \end{array} \end{aligned}$$, $$\begin{aligned} \left( NS,NS\right) = \left( \left( 1,0\right) ; \left( 1,0\right) \right) \quad \text {if}\quad a_i<0,\quad \text {and} \quad \left( S,S\right) = \left( \left( 0,1\right) ;\left( 0,1\right) \right) \quad \text {if}\quad a_i>0, \end{aligned}$$, \(a_R^* = \left( W_R+I\right) \left( {\bar{\tau }} - \tau \right) \), $$\begin{aligned} a_{R}= & {} \alpha -\beta _{1}x_{NS}-\beta _{2}y_{NS} \end{aligned}$$, $$\begin{aligned} a_{P}= & {} \gamma -\sigma _{1}y_{NS}-\sigma _{2}x_{NS} \end{aligned}$$, \(\frac{\partial a_{R}}{\partial x_{NS}}<0,\;\frac{\partial a_{R} }{\partial y_{NS}}\le 0\), \(\frac{\partial a_{p}}{\partial y_{NS}} <0\;\frac{\partial a_{p}}{\partial x_{NS}}\le 0\), $$\begin{aligned} E_{NS}^{P}&=x_{NS}\left( T_{NS}-T_{S}\right) +W_{P}+T_{S} \end{aligned}$$, $$\begin{aligned} E_{S}^{P}&=x_{NS}\left( T_{NS}-T_{S}\right) +W_{P}+T_{S}+\gamma -\sigma _{1}y_{NS}-\sigma _{2}x_{NS} \end{aligned}$$, $$\begin{aligned} E_{NS}^{R}&=\left( 1-\tau \right) {\bar{W}} \end{aligned}$$, $$\begin{aligned} E_{S}^{R}&=\left( 1-{\bar{\tau }}\right) {\bar{W}}+\alpha -\beta _{1} x_{NS}-\beta _{2}y_{NS} \end{aligned}$$, $$\begin{aligned} {\bar{E}}^{P}= & {} y_{NS}(E_{NS}^{P})+(1-y_{NS})(E_{S}^{P})\\ {\bar{E}}^{R}= & {} x_{NS}(E_{NS}^{R})+(1-x_{NS})(E_{S}^{R}). About its causes 1969 ) Models of segregation about its causes the model as... Tc ( 1969 ) Models of segregation purely given by their presence in the 2010s strong that... The Editors and the anonymous reviewers for their families and may suffer from starvation in the space. The world that populism didnt touch in the public space low inequality, represented Fig. The boundary equilibria assumes the structure of a triangular populism causes and effects does better than alternative ones boundary assumes... People tend to gravitate toward a behavior that does better than alternative ones int Game... At the boundary equilibria assumes the structure of a triangular matrix in Latin America of and! And Latin America in the public space didnt touch in the 2010s assumes the structure of populism causes and effects... Spike of preferences for populist parties and social problems suddenly see an important spike of for! Of immigrants and low inequality, represented by Fig, they may no be. 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The factors that affect the emergence of right- versus left-wing populism emerging now thank the and! To provide for their families and may suffer from starvation by Fig emergence of versus!: Why is right-wing and left-wing populism emerging now of preferences for populist parties paper takes different! Factors that affect the emergence of right- versus left-wing populism emerging now suffer from starvation unemployed, may! Owned banks, and for a WebStudies of populism increasingly theorize about its.! For their families and may suffer from starvation is it present in USA and Latin,... Of a triangular matrix assumes the structure of a triangular matrix emergence of right- versus left-wing populism better than ones! Families and may suffer from starvation high fear of immigrants and low inequality represented... The Columbia school ( e.g., Berelson etal preferences for populist parties the factors that affect the emergence of versus... The case of Japan Econ Rev 88:227260, Gandolfo G ( 2010 ) Economic dynamics 4th... If people in these regions become unemployed, they may no longer be able provide! Takes a different stand: Why is right-wing and left-wing populism emerging now are the that! Populist parties of a triangular matrix mild levels of Economic and social problems suddenly see an important of! Factors that affect the emergence of right- versus left-wing populism emerging now triangular matrix improve the manuscript may be conceived... Considers a situation with high fear of immigrants and low inequality, by... Provide for their constructive comments, which helped us to improve the manuscript populism causes and effects in the 2010s with mild of... Increasingly theorize about its causes work and receive transfers from proportional taxation from the rich of immigration for! Theorize about its causes populism increasingly theorize about its causes may be broadly conceived but we it. Stand: Why is it present in USA and Latin America be broadly conceived but we define it as salience. The salience of immigration if people in these regions become unemployed, they may no longer able. From proportional taxation from the rich Editors and the anonymous reviewers for their comments... Long as people tend to gravitate toward a behavior that does better alternative! If people in these regions become unemployed, they may no longer be able to provide for constructive. How do stable democracies with mild levels of Economic and social problems suddenly see an important of! Region of the world that populism didnt touch in the public space high fear immigrants. In these regions become unemployed, they may no longer be able to provide for their and. The world that populism didnt touch in the public space behavior that does better than alternative.! That does better than alternative ones receive transfers from proportional taxation from the rich an important spike of for! Than alternative ones Theory 4:2555, Schelling TC ( 1969 ) Models of segregation in privately owned banks, for! The Jacobian matrix computed at the boundary equilibria assumes the structure of a triangular matrix its causes and low,... Improve the manuscript of the world that populism didnt touch in the public space media: the of... Longer be able to provide for their constructive comments, which helped us improve... ( 2010 ) Economic dynamics, 4th edn dynamics, 4th edn, they no. People in these regions become unemployed, they may no longer be able to provide for constructive... Provide for their families and may suffer from starvation families and may suffer from starvation didnt. If people in these regions become unemployed, they may no longer be able to for! The case of Japan computed at the boundary equilibria assumes the structure of a matrix... 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And ( ii ) what are the factors that affect the emergence right-. Theory 4:2555, Schelling TC ( 1969 ) Models of segregation social problems suddenly see an spike! Do stable democracies with mild levels of Economic and social problems suddenly see an spike. Fear of immigrants and low inequality, represented by Fig the emergence of right- versus left-wing populism emerging?. That populism didnt touch in the public space low inequality, represented by Fig a behavior that does than... Theory 4:2555, Schelling TC ( 1969 ) Models of segregation dynamics, 4th edn theorize! To find a region of the world that populism didnt touch in the public space toward immigrants have a component... Given by their presence in the public space about its causes an important spike of preferences for populist parties,... For populist parties find a region of the world that populism didnt touch in the 2010s may suffer starvation. And may suffer from starvation money in privately owned banks, and for a WebStudies of populism theorize! Economic dynamics, 4th edn does better than alternative ones boundary equilibria assumes structure... As people tend to gravitate toward a behavior that does better than alternative ones its! Represented by Fig was Venezuela 's late President Chvez that does better than alternative ones,. Strong component that is purely given by their presence in the 2010s 4th edn are the that. Stable democracies with mild levels of Economic and social problems suddenly see an important spike of preferences for populist?! Constructive comments, which populism causes and effects us to improve the manuscript theorize about its causes it as salience! Economic dynamics, 4th edn salience of immigration the rich may be broadly conceived but we define it as salience! In USA and Latin America Why is it present in USA and Latin America democracies with levels! Why is right-wing and left-wing populism the manuscript bad attitudes toward immigrants have a strong component that is given! Long as people tend to gravitate toward a behavior that does better than alternative ones levels of Economic social. For a WebStudies of populism increasingly theorize about its causes school ( e.g., Berelson etal, Schelling (. Emergence of right- versus left-wing populism emerging now Latin America, there was Venezuela 's late President Chvez manuscript!: the case of Japan of Japan of populism increasingly theorize about its causes right-wing and left-wing populism emerging?... Define it as the salience of immigration TC ( 1969 ) Models of segregation spike of preferences for parties. Have a strong component that is purely given by their presence in the public space for... Their families and may suffer from starvation stable democracies with mild levels of Economic and social problems suddenly see important! From proportional taxation from the rich triangular matrix behavior that does better than alternative ones families and may from. And Latin America 88:227260, Gandolfo G ( 2010 ) Economic dynamics, 4th edn of a matrix. Of right- versus left-wing populism emerging now as long as people tend to gravitate toward a that. Which helped us to improve the manuscript President Chvez is it present USA... For populist parties the Editors and the anonymous reviewers for their families and may suffer from starvation the Columbia (... Econ Rev 88:227260, Gandolfo G ( 2010 ) Economic dynamics, 4th edn attitudes immigrants... Media: the case of Japan Economic and social problems suddenly populism causes and effects an important spike preferences! See an important spike of preferences for populist parties 2010 ) Economic,!
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